Ainu Grammar
A Syntax OF THE AINU LANGUAGE.________CHAPTER ITHE PHONETIC SYSTEMSECTION My spouse and i THE ALPHABET.A single.In writing the Ainu words with the Roman letters, the subsequent system has been adopted:LETTERS. B. They would. Chamberlain for many useful recommendations in regard to arrangement.T. It never takes place excepting followed by the vowel oughout. The Ainu assert, even so, that pensai is an old Japanese word with regard to "junk". It was the brand given to the junks which usually used to come from Matsumai laden with rice for your Japanese military as well as fishing stations around the coast of Yezo.Two.It will be seen, in the above, that zero sonant letter can begin any sentence, and that, in composition only, surds are sometimes changed into sonants. These changes are as follows: K turns into g. P becomes b. T will become d.3.No consonants b, c,parajumpers salg, d, f, g, third, w, or b ever ends a thing; but k, meters, n, p, utes, t, as well as the mixtures ch and sh, often carry out. The letters m and z usually are not here mentioned, as they are not now employed.4.Double consonants should be pronounced, as in Italian and Japanese; thus: Ota; Sand Otta; Throughout. Rama; Spirit, soul Ramma; Usually. As an example of this, notice the word erum, a rat: From the Saru district erum is noticable erem In the Ishkari 'rem. In the Norm erm. At Poropetkotan (village) From Shiraoi erum. Indeed it is, in many cases, very difficult to know that's really meant; and frequently either way of speaking is considered equally correct, though in some cases the excellence is very sharp along with important.6.Your tonic accent will be slight and trivial, and has therefore not necessarily been used in the project. The halfsinging intonation, that's specially noticeable within the pronunciation of the girls, can hardly be termed a tonic accent, neither has it anything that is similar to the "tones" used by the Chinese. There is also no noticeable distinction between long and short vowels.7.The manner in which letterchanges take place is as uses:N becomes m before p, w, or m; thus; Tambe for tan pe or tanbe, this thing. Ku goro, my own; ku kon'nishpa, my master. The guru, a person; A good gun' ne, it is a person. Oya moshir' not guru, for oya moshiri not guru, a foreigner. Moshir' ebitta, regarding moshiri ebitta, every person. Utar' obitta, for utara obitta, everybody.8a.By some persons the ultimate "n" in pon and wen is changed into "I"; thus; Poi seta, regarding pon seta, a little dog. All words may, if preferred, be evident in full.10.If it's desired to give particular clearness to the diction of a noun or adjective ending in a vowel, such closing vowel may be reduplicated, preceded by the consonant h; thus:NOUNS. Ishi as well as ishihi, a bird's tail. Nimaki or nimakihi, a teeth. Putu or putuhu, a sport bike helmet; the mouth of your river. Sara or saraha, a good animal's tail. Shiki as well as shikihi, an eye. Kunne or kunnehe, darker; black. Pirika or pirikaha, good. Poro or poroho, greet. Retara or even retaraha, white. Ri or perhaps rihi, sometimes riri, high.11.There are some cases that it is absolutely necessary to reduplicate the last vowel. Thus. Hochihi, a sum; ought to never be pronounced hochi. Topaha, an audience; must never be evident topa. JAPANESE. AINU. Kami, paper. Kambi. Kogane, platinum. Kongane. Kosode, a shortsleeved garment. Kosonde. Kugi, a new nail. Kungi. Tabako, tobacco. (Jap. azuki.)Aunki, fan. (Jap. (Jap. tsukunou, to indemnify.)Emo, a spud. (Jap. imo.)Endo, a well. (Jap. (Jap. a furnace.)Kambi, paper. (Jap. kami.)Kamui, any god. (Jap. (Japanese. kogane.)Kosonde, a shortsleeved upper outfit. (Jap. (Jap. (Japanese. odori.)Ottena, a chief. (Japanese. otona, an adult.)Pakari, a measure. (Jap. (Jap. (Jap. (Japanese. saku.)Sarampa, goodbye. (Jap. azines a ball. Tambako, cigarettes. (Jap. (Jap. togi.)Tomari, a good anchorage. (Jap. a stopping place.)Tunchi, an translator. (Jap. ts a line, a line. (Jap. tsura.)Umma, a horse. (Japanese. uma.)Yakata, a house. (in Jap. this word symbolizes a palace.)Hey, business. (Jap. b following are a few instances of Hybrid compounds. Listed here are of frequent event:MASCULINE. Karaku, cousin. Matkaraku, relative. Kiyannepo, elder son. Unu, mommy (rarer than habo.)Pinne, men. Matne ruop, a female squirrel.20.In expressing the actual masculine gender regarding human beings, however, the word pinne must never be utilized. Okkai and okkaiyo should take their place; thus: Okkai poho, a little boy; a kid. Okkaibo, a young man.Nineteen.It should be carefully noted that the word okkaibo just isn't applied to lads between the ages of twelve and eighteen. During this period of living, lads are called heikachi as well as heikat'tara. Shine amamchikap, one sparrow; any sparrow. Shine chiramantep, one tolerate; a bear. Glow itangi, one cup; a cup. Sparkle itunnap, one ant; a good ant. Shine Shisam, one Japanese; a Japanese.22.It will be noticed by the above good examples that, when the numeral glow is so used, this corresponds, more or less, for the indefinite article the or an. (See Absolutely no. Utarapa utara, lords.24.Notice, in these words as hautur'un guru and uitek guru, the particular dropping of the expression guru, person, that this use of utari, utare, or utara makes superfluous. 25.By 50 % words heikachi, lad; and matkachi, girl; the final chi is actually contracted into to before the suffix utara, the you of which is dropped; as a result:SINGULAR. Matkat'tara, girls.26.The full way of writing matkachi can be matnekachi. Matnekachi is probably short pertaining to matneheikachi. Heikachi appears to have been the ancient word for child, whether boy or girl. In fact, nonetheless, this word might be applied to young people regarding either sex, especially by the Ainu of Typic Kotan and the neighbouring section.27.Though there is no absolute rule against the use of utari, utare, or utara following your names of reduce animals, it is deemed best to avoid doing this. In their case, as a result, as in that of inanimate objects, plurality is left to become inferred from the wording or from the verb.28.Diversity involving subjects may be expressed by prefixing the word usa to nouns; thus: Usakatpak, various or many sins. Usaseta, various or several dogs. Usashiyeye, various as well as many diseases. Usatashum, numerous or many illnesses. Usawenburi, a variety of bad habits. THE Installments of NOUNS.29.In the Ainu words there are no cases correctly so called. What is classified case in Latin and other Aryan languages will be either left to be gathered from the framework, or is denoted by using a separate particle, such as English. The debris are, however, generally placed after, as an alternative to before, the words these people govern, and most seem to be therefore postpositions, though several are used as prepositions. Tonin honoyanoya wa arapa, the worm moves wriggling along. Kikiri kotoise, the insects swarm. Ni sempirike, cooler areas of trees. Nonno hura, your scent of bouquets. Wosekamui kik, he struck the howling dog. ABSTRACT NOUNS.30.What inside English are classified "abstract nouns" can scarcely always be said to exist in Ainu as common words. Wen'i or ambe, badness.31st.The word ambe is itself a compound noun formed from an, "to be", and delay an orgasm, "a thing". Great care ought to, therefore, be exercised in using it using adjectives to express abstract nouns; for retara ambe may,Parajumpers, and often really does, mean "a white thing", rather than "whiteness", and oupeka ambe "an upright person", and never "uprightness". The following sentences will serve to illustrate this: Tokap chup kiai nupeki ambe anakne, shi no kotom ne ruwe ne; The brightness of the sun's reflection is indeed beautiful. Tan nonno anakne retar' ambe ne; This floral is white.Thirty-two.The following are examples of subjective nouns made by prefixing i to verbs:VERBS. NOUNS. Eshokoro, to trust. Yainu'i, thought. Ye, to say. Ye'i, any saying.33.Attention must always be taken to articulate the particle my spouse and i distinctly; in fact, it will be better to place the correspondence h before the we;thus, itak, itakhi; yainu, yainuhi. Compare No. 10. 34.A few times we have heard yainuhu with regard to yainuhi. The latter appears to be the right way of speaking; anyway, it is the form currently in common use. SECTION 5. NOUNS. E, to consume. Ayep, a thing spoken.45.It sometimes makes no noticeable difference to the sense perhaps the verb used to form the compound be passive or active, as may be observed by comparing ep and aep, both of which indicate food. Shiko katu, birth.43.The word katu means 'shape", "form", "mode", "way". Hence , an katu might be changed by "mode of being", itak katu simply by "way of speaking", and shiko katu simply by "manner of birth".44.If the verb is immediately then the compound expression ambe, the two together should, in some cases, be changed by a single noun. Take, for instance, the following examples:VERBS. Shiko ambe, a delivery (lit. (Cape Esan.)Mopet kotan, your village by the peaceful river. (Jap. (Japanese. (Jap. (Jap. Tomakomai.) Yam kush nai kotan, the village by the steady stream of the chestnut burs. (Japanese. Yamakoshi.)50.Many of the brands of places inside Japan, whose source is doubtful, may well probably be traced towards the Ainu language. (Corrupted by the Japanese into koshi.)Puppy, a river. Por'i signifies, "the place of the caves." Shiri, earth; property; an island. Applied to water "swift"; as:Shiri pet nupuri (Jap. Sak, summer. Chuk, autumn. Mata, winter.52.The 12 monts of the year are as follows. His or her etymology is obscure, and they are generally now mostly supplanted by their Japanese equivalents:Churup chup, January. Kuyekai chup, 12.53.The Four Sectors of the Compass are:Hebera, northern. Ri, high. Kotom, pretty. Shiretok, beautiful. Pirika, good. Associated with some, the derivation is as yet doubtful; associated with others, it is clearer. Those of doubtful derivation trigger ne, nu, o, tek, and ush; they are given initial. (a)Those of unsure derivation.57.Adjectives which can trigger ne are as follows:Ashkanne, clean. Toranne, not doing anything.58.Adjectives which trigger nu:Aekat nu, delicious. Oaikanchio, swarming together with earwigs. Taiki, a flea. Urukio, full of nits. Notice No. 202. 60.Adjectives which end in tek:Akonuptek, interesting. Yachiush, miry. Numaush, hairy. Yeush, fatty; mattery.62.These somewhat peculiar uses of the word ush needs to be carefully noted:Apaush kamui, your deity of doorways (lit. the watery gods).63.From an analysis of the above examples, and a careful consideration of additional uses of the word romote, we may safely end that, whatever additional meanings it may have, it often carries a locative sense with it. It is quite like the particle united nations, which is also locative. Probably ush is the plural type of un. (For united nations see No. 248.)(b.)The adjectives whose derivations are more clear.64.Adjectives that take the verb a great,Parajumpers Kodiak, to be, after them:Keme an, scarce; unusual. a person having energy.)The context on your own must always decide exactly how the sentence should be translated into English.Sixty-five.Adjectives ending with the action-word koro, "to possess":Haro koro, fat (lit. owning backbone or spinal column). Keutum koro, of strong brain, will, or predisposition (lit. possessing brain or soul). aquiring a scolding heart). without central source or spine). Ramu sak, silly (lit. without contemplating; without thought). Sixty seven.It might be inferred from the preceding examples that, by taking the yes, definitely ending koro away from any noun, and supplying the damaging word sak in its place, or perhaps vice versa, adjectives could be produced at will. Such however, is not the case. Hence, otek sak is "poor"; but "rich" can be oteknu. COMPARATIVE. Naa pirika,hamnensvandrarhem, better. Naa pon, smaller. Naa ri, higher. Two illustrations of each method are here given as examples.(a).The comparative using akkari. than you, Time passes fast). Nei tonoto akkari, tan tonoto shisak ne ruwe ne ;This wine is sweeter than that (lit. than that wine beverage, this wine is special).(b).The marketplace analysis with akkari and eashka. as opposed to land, the sea is much more great). Kunne chup akkari, tokap chup anak ne easlika nupeki an ambe ne ruwe ne, sunshine is brighter as opposed to moon (lit. compared to moon, the sun is something more bright).(d).The comparative using akkari and eitasa. Eitasa means "excess": Toan kotan akkari, tan kotan anak ne eitasa hange no an kotan ne ruwe ne, this specific village is better than that (lit. surpassing you, I am small). SECTION 4.DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES.Seventy two.The demonstrative adjectives, "this", "that", "these", and "those", are as follows: SINGULAR. The reason is that okai is usually a plural verb meaning "to dwell at" or "be in" a location.74.The demonstrative adjectives may also be used for the third individual singular and plural of the personal pronoun. Notice Nos. Sonno, truly. See Absolutely no. Ratchitara, gently.78.If the letter p will be suffixed to some of the straightforward adjectives which end in the, e, i, as well as o (see Segment 1), or to some of the adjectives compounded with ne or even nu (see Section Only two, Nos. Wayash nup, a wise thing.Seventy nine.The letter p, which is here compounded with the adjectives, is a shrinkage of pe, "a thing". This should be carefully borne at heart lest,canada goose sale, in construing, mistakes should arise. The p converts your adjective, to which it is fastened, into a concrete, not necessarily into an subjective noun. Thus, kaparap is not "thinness", however "a thin thing"; and porop is just not "largeness", but "a large thing"; nor is wayash nup "wisdom", but "a wise person" or perhaps "thing".80.As the various other adjectives, namely a few of the straightforward, and all of the remaining compound adjectives, are incapable of using contracted form g after them, they may be followed by the word completely, that is, pe softened into be, as a result: Hekai be, an old individual. Thus, forty is actually "two score" (tu hot ne); sixt is "three score" (regarding hot ne); eighty is "four score" (ine hot ne); plus a hundred is "five score" (ashikne hot ne).84.Numbers could be framed by means of results to an indefinite magnitude; but in actual exercise the higher numbers are not, if ever, met along with. At the present day, the better Japanese method of numeration will be rapidly supplanting the cumbrous indigenous system.85.In order to arrive at a clear idea of the Ainu system associated with counting, the student need to carefully note the following particulars
a.)The word ikashima commonly means, "excess", "redundance"; but with the numerals that signifies, "addition", "to add to". It is usually placed after the amount which is conceived of as added.(b.)The particle elizabeth signifies "to subtract", "to take from", as well as follows the number which is supposed to be taken away. Treatment must therefore be studied not to confound this chemical with the e that is utilized as a preposition, and this means, "to", "towards", (See Chapter IX. Area 2 No. 196). Ine yaoshkep, four spiders.Eighty seven.the radical type shine is also usually used as the long article a or even an. See Nos. For people it is formed with the help of niu, in some of the figures abbreviated to the solitary consonant n. For things and animals it is formed by adding uncontrolled climaxes, be, or the correspondence p alone. Shinen ikashima, oregon niu, eleven persons. Ren, three persons. Tun ikashima, wa niu, 14 persons. Inen, four persons. Ashikne hot nep, one hundred points. Seta inep, four dogs.92.Niu, pe and pish could be considered to correspond in a few degree to the socalled "classifiers" or perhaps "auxiliary numerals" of Chinese, Western, and many other Eastern languages; but no further trace of such "classifiers" exists.93.The actual radical form can not be used in answer to a question. In such a case one of many substantive forms must be employed.94.A number of nouns are excluded by simply their nature via both the above classes. The following are a few such words. Kamui, "god or gods"; For you to, "a day"; Tokap, "day"; Kunne, "night", "black".95.Kamui is counted as follows:Shine kamui, a single god. Shine kamui ikashima, wan kamui, 14 gods. Ine kamui, four gods. IX. 2.), or "three days along with three nights" (as in Shiny. XII. The first is as follows:Stand out ikinne, first. Above ten the first method on it's own is in use:Shine tutanu, 1st. Iye wan ikinne, tenth.102.The ordinals are not met with. And so on. See Nos. 30, 31st, 199.(c.) Kani is simply a pulling of kuani.(d.) Chokai can be contracted from qi which means "we", and okai, which in turn signifies "to be at" or perhaps "in a place". Like chokai, aokai as well as anokai were originally plurals, and so used in certain contexts.One hundred and eleven.Sometimes the words ku shiroma along with e shiroma are noticed for the first and second person singular respectively, however, not often. Shiroma is a verb meaning "to abide", "to stay". (Compare Part III. Section 4, Nos. Before verbs, "we" is actually expressed by qi, and "ye" by echi. (Discover Nos. 163164.)SECTION 2.The instances OF PRONOUNS.117.The various varieties of the first and second folks mentioned above in Sect. One particular may be termed nominatives. To an okai utara koro, their.126.The twice form may be used; therefore:SINGULAR. Echi utara echi koro, your. Over one hundred.Sometimes akoro is used instead of chi koro, but not usually. SINGULAR. Nenka, someone. The imperative and all the indirect or oblique emotions, as well as the desiderative forms and all sorts of tenses, are depicted by means of separate words. When used just as one auxiliary to verbs, it, like shiri ne, signifies that the action is still in progress. It expresses, so to speak, "the very act". It is as though one said, "it is really, and no mistake". Eramu is a verb meaning "to understand", "to know". Shin'ne is a reduced form of shiri ne, mentioned above under No. 2 (w). nangoro. Like the rest, in addition, it follows the verb to which it has research.136.The words ruwe ne may be combined with the root or to both of the above auxiliaries; and the particle na, which has also a conclusive force in it, might follow them.137.Both the past and upcoming tenses may be shown by adverbs of time being put before the person of the verb. In such cases, the actual auxiliaries may be retained or omitted at pleasure.138.It will be seen by reference to the passive tone of voice, that, with the next person singular and plural, the verb an always employs the chief verb. A good is the substantive action-word "to be".139.The verbs in the Ainu language naturally solve themselves into a couple of divisions, viz.a.) That relating to unchanging stem. To this class belong almost all verbs ending or else than in ra or ro.(t.) Those whose stems change. These spanish verbs end only throughout ra or ro. Kik (they) strike. SINGULAR. (PASSIVE). Akik, (they will) are struck.(n.)The present tense using the auxiliary ruwe ne. SINGULAR. Kik ruwe ne, (they) strike. SINGULAR. Echi kik a good ruwe ne, ye are struck. Akik ruwe ne, (he or she) is struck. Akik ruwe ne, (they will) are struck.(c.)The present tense with the words shiri ne. SINGULAR. Kik shiri ne, (they will) are striking. Novel. Akik shiri ne, (they) are being arranged.(d.)The present tense with koro an. Novel. Kik kor'an, (they) are impressive. SINGULAR. Akik kor'an, they are staying struck.(e.)The existing tense with ruwe tap into an. Kik ruwe tap the, (they) strike. Unique. Akik ruwe tap an, (they) are struck.141.Earlier Tense.(a.) Earlier times tense with nisa. Single. Kik nisa, (they) struck. Unique. Akik nisa, (they) were hit.(b.) The past tense with okere. SINGULAR. Kik okere, (they will) struck. SINGULAR. Akik okere, (these people) were struck.(h.) The past tense together with awa. In certain combinations this manner is equal to the British perfect tense:Novel. PLURAL. SINGULAR. Unique. Kik nangoro, (they) will strike. SINGULAR. Akik nangoro, (they) will be struck.143.The Crucial is expressed as a result: SINGULAR. Kik yan, strike ye. Kik anro, why don't we strike. SINGULAR. Echi akik yan, be ye struck. SINGULAR. Kik rusui, (they) desire to strike. Akik rusui, (that they) were desired to hit.145.The Potential Feeling may be expressed by 50 percent ways; (a) through the word etokush; (b) through the words kusu ne ap.(a.) The Potential with etokush. Unique. Kik etokush, (they) must strike. SINGULAR. Iteki kik yan, do not strike. SINGULAR. Iteki echi akik yan, be ye not really struck. (ACTIVE.) PAST. Kik wa, striking. FUTURE. Kik kushne, about to strike. Chi kara, we make, etc. SINGULAR. Aun kara, we are manufactured, etc. SINGULAR. Chihuahua kan ruwe ne, we make, and many others. SINGULAR. Aun kan ruwe ne, we are created, etc.152.It should be known here that ahead of ruwe, ra and ro are always changed into n. Shiri ne and kor'an make full form kara before them.153.It will be observed, in the past and long term te